This page presents the recorded teaching of Dr. Ida P. Rolf (1896–1979), founder of Structural Integration, in her own words. "Rolfing®" and "Rolfer®" are registered trademarks of the Dr. Ida Rolf Institute. This archive is independently maintained for educational purposes and is not affiliated with the Dr. Ida Rolf Institute.

Ida Rolf in Her Own Words · Topics

Ida Rolf on Al Drucker

Al Drucker was the physicist Ida Rolf turned to when she needed someone to translate her intuitions about gravity and the body into the vocabulary of thermodynamics. A rocket scientist who had worked on instrumentation for the first Atlas and Titan missiles — mapping the fine structure of Earth's gravitational field — Drucker came into the work as a client first and then as one of the small circle of trained physicists Ida pulled toward the project in the early 1970s. His contribution was conceptual: he gave Ida and her senior students a way to say what the work did in the language of energy, order, and the second law. The pivot was a single claim — that gravity is the one form of energy in the universe that carries no entropy — and from that claim a doctrine unfolded. This page draws together Drucker's own statements at the 1974 Healing Arts conference and in Boulder advanced classes alongside Ida's framing of the same material, showing how the entropy argument became central to how the work was taught.

The physicist enters the room

Drucker came to the work from outside the manipulative trades. By his own account in the 1971-72 Boulder transcripts, he had spent his earlier career building instruments to measure the Earth's gravitational field from orbit — the first Atlas missile that went five thousand miles, the first Titan — and the leap from that work to Ida's project was not as long as it might sound. Both projects asked the same question: what does gravity actually do to a structure in a field? In the rocketry context the structure was a payload arcing through a gradient; in the Structural Integration context the structure was a human body standing in the same field for sixty or eighty years. Drucker's instinct, when Ida asked him to think alongside her, was to bring the language of thermodynamics with him. He did not arrive with a metaphor. He arrived with the second law.

"first Atlas missile that went 5,000 miles, the first Titan, like, on my experiment on board, to map the fine structure of the Earth's gravitational field. But what that has to do with the gravity we're talking about here, I don't know. But it's given a few thoughts. Well, first let me talk a little bit about entropy before I talk about gravity. I see the body and when I talk about body, I'm really more interested in the body mind, like the body mind spirit rather than just the physical body. They're not separate. Yeah. I see the body as, when it's in balance at least, as acting very much like a spring, like an elastic, resilient entity. I don't mean just physically, obviously physically, but also in other ways. Also how the mental work and how the emotions work and how the whole system works. What's characteristic of a spring is that when there's an impressed force, it it changes configuration. It distends or distorts proportional to that force. And so that there is a temporary record of that force embodied in the spring. And then when the force is removed, the spring returns to its zero state and there's no longer any record of that event."

Drucker, opening a Boulder talk in the early 1970s, locates his own background before turning to entropy.

It establishes who Drucker is and signals that his framing of the body as a spring-like elastic system is the bridge into the entropy argument.1

What Drucker introduced was a way of talking about the body that did not depend on the vocabulary of anatomy. The body, in his framing, was a system with bonds — hydrogen, disulfide, others — that could release under appropriate force and re-bond, a system with a linear range and a memory of forces that had pushed it past that range. The advanced students sitting in the Boulder rooms in 1973 through 1976 had been trained on classical anatomy. What Drucker offered them was molecular and energetic. Ida, who had earned her doctorate in organic chemistry at the Rockefeller Institute under Walter Jacobs and Michael Heidelberger, was unusually well-placed to receive this contribution. The two of them were speaking, at the level of underlying physics, the same dialect.

Gravity as the energy with no entropy

The 1974 Healing Arts conference in Los Angeles is the canonical moment for Drucker's gravity-and-entropy argument because Ida delivered it herself, almost verbatim, as the conceptual frame of her own opening lecture. The audience that afternoon included Valerie Hunt, whose UCLA electromyography work formed the empirical companion to the argument, and a wider room of practitioners and curious laypeople. What Ida laid out — drawing on Drucker's formulation — was a position from nineteenth-century thermodynamics combined with one striking exception. Every form of energy in the universe carries an associated quality called entropy, a measure of its disorder, and the second law says that in any closed system entropy always increases. Energy flows from order toward disorder. Except, Drucker observed, in one case.

"But it is the energy called gravity which is characterized by no entropy, and it is the only energy that is characterized by no entropy, no disorder, no randomness. Gravity is always going in the same direction. It never works at cross purposes to itself."

Ida, lecturing at the 1974 Healing Arts conference, lands the central claim.

This is the single sentence that anchors the entire Drucker doctrine — gravity is unique among energies in having no entropy.2

The move Drucker had made was to take the second law and look for its outliers. Every energy degrades — except the one that organizes a universe's worth of mass. Gravity does not lose its direction. It does not work at cross purposes to itself. It is, in this sense, a perfectly ordered force. And if a living body could be brought into alignment with that force, the argument continued, then a perfectly ordered energy would be flowing through it. The body's own entropy — its accumulated randomness, the dis-orderings of injury and habit and time — could be acted on by something that itself carried no disorder. This was the logical scaffolding. Ida had been teaching the body-and-gravity relationship since the 1950s, but Drucker gave her a way to write the equation.

"Gravitational energy man. This is a system you need to explore if you are looking to increase the energy of the individual man on the earth. This is the energy you need to explore if you are looking to increase the energy, if you are looking to increase negative entropy."

Ida names what the practitioner is being asked to study.

It reframes the work's goal in energetic terms: increasing the energy of the individual means decreasing deterioration, which means working with gravity.3

The body as a spring with a finite linear range

Before the entropy argument can land in the room, Drucker's audience has to accept a physical picture of the body that admits change. In the 1971-72 Boulder transcripts he offers one. The body, he says, behaves like an elastic, resilient entity — a spring. A force pushes on it, it distorts, the force is removed, it returns to neutral. But every spring has a linear range, and beyond that range the deformations become permanent. A shock past the linear limit, or a small force held for a very long time, leaves a record. The body in the field of gravity, holding the head forward to read across a lifetime, is the second case. The deformation is small at any moment but the duration is enormous, and the system accumulates a permanent set.

"And then when the force is removed, the spring returns to its zero state and there's no longer any record of that event. It's been wiped out. And so there's temporary memory but no permanent memory. And memory It's the result of incomplete experience. If you've finished the experience, there's no memory in the system. Structurally, the way you can see that is, if you're in, for instance, you know, and I know you've been thinking a lot about fashion collagen structures. Collagen being a supercoiled triple helix. Within that molecular structure there is resiliency. There are bondings. There are hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds and perhaps other kinds of bonds. Which under the impression of a force can release and then when the force is taken away, can become bonded again. There are other bonds, of course. There are other valence bonds and other chemical forces which are linear. But any system has a limit to its linearity. It's interesting, I won't get into it, but like it's interesting to really reflect on what, at the molecular or atomic level, what causes linearity. And it's And you'll find that the whole basis of quantum mechanics is really Has to do with the basic linearity of substances. But I'm not going to talk about that. I've sort of done some thinking about that. But there's a limit to its linearity, okay?"

Drucker explains the molecular picture beneath the spring metaphor.

He grounds the body's plasticity in actual collagen bond mechanics — the physics of why Structural Integration is even possible.4

Ida's own teaching on plasticity ran on a parallel track. She had been telling advanced classes for years that the body was a plastic medium — that the fascial body could be changed by adding energy to it, that pressure was a form of energy in the strict physics-laboratory sense. Drucker's contribution was to specify the chemistry. The bonds that release and reform, the hydrogen and disulfide and the mineral linkages, were the actual mechanism. Ida's voice and Drucker's voice converge here. In the 1974 Healing Arts lecture, immediately after laying out the gravity-and-entropy argument, Ida turns to the practitioner's hand and what it is actually doing to tissue.

"Two factors contribute to this: the first that the body, seemingly a unit, is in fact not a unit but a consolidation of large segments: the head, the thorax, the pelvis, the legs. The relation of these segments can be changed because the connecting myofascial structure is a structure of connective tissue of collagen. This is what that myofascial body is about. And collagen is a unique protein. The collagen molecule is a very large protein and it is a braiding of three strands a special braiding. These three strands are connected by various inorganic hydrogen sometimes, sodium sometimes, calcium sometimes, and undoubtedly other minerals. These minerals are interchangeable within limits. Thus, as the body grows older and stiffer, undoubtedly a larger percentage of calcium and a smaller percentage of sodium are present in these bonds. But by the addition of energy and what is energy? In this come in this context, it can it is the pressure of the fingers or the elbow of the ralpha. This ratio may be varied by the addition of this energy, and the joint or the connective tissue becomes more resilient, more flexible."

Ida, at the same 1974 conference, names the chemistry Drucker has been describing.

It shows Ida using the molecular language her physicist colleagues supplied — collagen as a braided protein with exchangeable mineral bonds.5

Order can be evoked in the myofascial system

Once the body is admitted as a plastic medium with a finite linear range, and gravity is admitted as the energy with no entropy, the practical claim of Structural Integration follows. Order can be introduced into a previously disordered body, and once introduced, gravity supports it. This was the move Ida had been waiting to make rigorous. The 1974 Healing Arts conference is where she finally states it as a syllogism.

" We know that order can be evoked in the myofascial system of the body by substantially balancing the myofascial structures about a vertical line. We know that logically in body mechanics, we can expect that the vertical lines of that force manifesting as the gravitational field can eit"

Ida states the claim that Drucker's physics had made defensible.

It is the operative claim of the whole framework — vertical balance recruits gravity from a disorganizing force into a supportive one.6

Notice the structure of the argument. Random body plus gravity equals destruction. Aligned body plus gravity equals support. The gravity vector itself does not change between the two cases — only the body changes. And what changes about the body, in Drucker's framing, is its internal entropy. The disordered body has high entropy; the work of Structural Integration is to lower that entropy. The conceptual elegance is that the practitioner is not the one putting energy into the system in any large sense. The practitioner is the one rearranging the structure so that gravity — the inexhaustible source — can do the energetic work.

"that gravity is, biologically at least, gravity is accepted as a positive force by living bodies. Is that As a positive force in As a positive thing to be used if the body is in structural alignment."

Asked directly about entropy and gravity by an interviewer at the 1974 Structure Lectures, Ida states the position plainly.

It captures Ida's own most compressed statement of the doctrine — gravity is biologically positive if the body is structurally aligned.7

Counteracting entropy in human energy systems

If the body is a system with an entropy that can be lowered, and if gravity is a source of zero-entropy energy, then the practical effect of Structural Integration can be stated quite precisely. The work counteracts entropy in human energy systems. This is the form Valerie Hunt arrived at in her companion lecture at the 1974 Healing Arts conference, drawing on the same Drucker framework that Ida was using two rooms away. Hunt's electromyographic and aural measurements at UCLA, she argued, showed exactly what the framework predicted: greater coherence, more unified direction, less dissipation.

"that Rolfing has a profound effect upon human energy systems in the direction of negative entropy, The counteracting of entropy: there are at least two aspects of the energy systems brought into greater coherency,"

Hunt summarizes her UCLA findings in the entropy vocabulary Drucker supplied.

It documents the second key figure in Ida's circle adopting Drucker's framing — that the work moves human energy in the direction of negative entropy.8

Hunt's contribution is worth dwelling on because she was the one who had to deliver measurements. Drucker could write equations on a blackboard; Hunt had to put electrodes on people. What she reported was that after the ten-session series, the baseline of bioelectric activity went up at rest but dropped to near nothing once the subject began an action. The interpretation, she said carefully, was not that the person was more tense but that they were more open to the experience — more available, less guarded. The energetic vocabulary suited this. A more coherent system is one whose available energy is not being wasted internally on cross-purposes.

"Institute. My tentative conclusions are that Rolfing has a profound effect upon human energy systems in the direction of negative entropy, The counteracting of entropy: there are at least two aspects of the energy systems brought into greater coherency, and the physicists describe coherency to us and state that coherent energy or energy, for example, that goes through a laser beam places energy in unified directions, in a single direction, and that very small quantities of coherent energy are equal to atomic bomb energy and very large quantities of incoherent energy or dissipated energy is like random trade winds. They may be pleasant if you don't do much with them. I think that one of our goals should be human coherent energy in our quest and not just more energy. We might even solve our food problems. If we had coherent energy, we wouldn't have to feed the fuel as often. It's my opinion that Doctor. Roth has envisioned really a rather tremendous concept about the human being toward man, toward his improvement, toward his evolution, and for me personally, she and the Roth Institute have made it possible for me to move into another area of research which I'm sure will be the area that I will stay in the rest of my professional life."

Hunt closes her 1974 Healing Arts presentation by reframing the goal of the work as human coherent energy.

It is the clearest articulation in the Drucker-Hunt circle of what 'counteracting entropy' was supposed to mean in practice — coherence rather than more energy.9

Order introduced into the random body

The most fully worked passage in the 1974 Healing Arts lecture comes when Ida draws the parallel between physical entropy and psychological entropy. The argument runs: introducing myofascial order into the random disorder of an average body lowers the body's entropy, and the same kind of evolving order then appears in the psychological domain. This is the inferential leap that the Drucker framework licensed her to make. The same conceptual machinery — entropy, coherence, order — applied across both registers. The body and the personality were not two separate systems requiring two separate theories.

"When physical myofascial fleshly order is introduced into the random disorder of the average body, the average human body. In other words, as we lessen the entropy of the average body, the disorder that exists in its mass As we lessen that entropy, that disorder begins to disappear, and where we seem to be uncovering the same"

Ida, at the 1974 Healing Arts conference, extends the entropy argument from the physical to the psychological.

It is the move where the entropy framework stops being only about tissue and becomes a theory of personality change.10

This is a strong claim, and the way Ida phrases it — that physical myofascial order reflects in a more vital organized pattern of psychological being — preserves an appropriate caution. She is not asserting that the body causes the personality. She is asserting that they show parallel ordering when one is reorganized. The mechanism, in Drucker's framing, would be the increased coherence of the energy fields the person inhabits. In Hunt's framing, it would be the changed neuromuscular control patterns that show up in the electromyograph. In Ida's own framing, it would be what she had been observing in clients for thirty years — that after the work, people behave differently, sleep better, become more tolerant. The Drucker framework made it possible to talk about all three observations as facets of one process.

Pressure as energy, the practitioner as transducer

The Drucker framework had a sharp pedagogical consequence for how Ida trained her advanced students. If pressure is energy in the strict physical sense — work done on a material substance — then the practitioner is not a healer applying treatment but a transducer adding energy in a specific direction to a system that needs it. This shifted the vocabulary of the trainings. In the 1973 Big Sur advanced class she pushed on this distinction repeatedly, naming what the hand does in mechanical terms and refusing the therapeutic frame.

"as far as I know. And anytime you want to get into an argument with your medical through they'll realize that this is so. It is the fascial aggregate which is the organ of structure. And the structure basically the word, where we use the word structure, we are referring to relationships in free space. Relationships in space. There's nothing metaphysical metaphysical about it. It's pure physics as it's taught in physics laboratories. Now the strange part about it is that that organ of structure is a very resilient and very elastic and very plastic medium. It can be changed by adding energy to it. In structural integration, one of the ways we add energy is by pressure so that the practitioner gives deliberately contributes energy to the person on whom he is working, to not energy in the sense that you let a position throw it around, but energy such as they talk about in the physics laboratory. When you press on a given point, you literally are adding energy to that which is under that point. And in structural integration, by way of an unbelievable accident of how you can change fashion structure, you can change human beings. You can change their structure and in changing their structure you are able to change their function. All of you have seen that structure determines function to a very great degree, to a degree which we can utilize."

In the 1973 Big Sur advanced class, Ida names the fascial body as the organ of structure and pressure as the literal addition of energy.

It shows Ida absorbing the physicist vocabulary — pressure as energy in the physics-laboratory sense, not a metaphor — and giving it to the trainees as their working frame.11

The transduction language opened a second front, one Valerie Hunt pushed on. If the practitioner is adding energy in a physical sense, what kind of practitioner-client relationship makes the energy transfer effective? Hunt, in her 1974 lecture, raised the question of whether the practitioners themselves had become — through training, or through self-selection — a particular kind of energy conductor. The Drucker framework made this question respectable rather than mystical, because in physics the question of how energy passes between two systems is just engineering.

"The other I don't know whether it's by the process of structural integration they become transducers, whether it's the people of that are chosen to be Ralfords or whether Ida Zapsums. But I'm sure they're transducers and it is a relationship between two people that makes what happens happen. It is in addition to the technique. I think this cannot be duplicated by exercise, by oneself. I'm quite sure it cannot be duplicated by machines or gadgets that exercise us, that make changes in the body. There are many, many aspects of what goes on in structural integration. I believe the very personal element of the roffer is major in facilitating energy flow. In other words, if you get roffed, it's great if you love your roffer. I think it will happen if you don't, but I think certain energy flow will take place faster. My final reports will be worked on this fall and this winter for the professional group as well as for lay groups through the Rolf Institute."

Hunt names the practitioner as a transducer between two energy fields.

It carries Drucker's mechanical framing into the relational domain — the practitioner as a physical conduit, not a healer.12

The keystone and the cycle

Drucker's clearest pedagogical statement in the public-tape archive comes when he is working alongside Ida on a client and the conversation turns to what makes the recipe a recipe at all — why one place rather than another, why this order rather than that. His instinct, characteristic of the physicist, is to look for a single organizing principle that holds the sequence together. He finds it in gravity, and in the pelvis as the structure that mediates the body's relationship to the gravity vector.

"So the important thing is that we have that in introducing any kind of energy or however you want to think of it, manipulation on the outside of the body, that this will not only produce changes there, but also in other parts of the body. And so we have to be aware of these these interconnections. And now what what's required is some kind of a central understanding of how the how the parts of the body are connected, of what of if you do something on the chest or let's say, more something that's a lot more evident, when you work on the foot, something happens to the shoulder. I see it as this business of the keystone. The important thing is to remember that it's gravity that is perhaps the, I mean, there are many factors which connect the body and create compensations within it. But perhaps the dominant force towards creating these these kind of effects is gravity. And so in this process of peeling the onion, working at different places, create local change, which changes something else somewhere else, then we have to go there and so on. This this this this It's right back at Al, and I hear every word you say. This cycle. The only hope that we have of getting closer towards towards a goal, which is organization of the body, is to move is to have some simple some some central idea of where we're going. And as I see it, as you've said it, is the basic idea is one of freeing the pelvis, relating it to the ground, freeing it from connections above and below, which tend to hold it towards rigidity. And once we've once we've allowed the pelvis to move in a sort of rocking chair type of movement that permits it to balance the weighty structure above it onto its connections through the leg. Then the body can can assume this normal erect stance where gravity does not pull down. I mean Alright. So that's really how it goes. You moved on and get thrown. Thank you, sir. Don, did you have something you wanted to say? I would like to go back and speak to the question you raised about center, changing the Yeah. Corner or whatever you have by working on the outside."

Drucker, working in a public-tape session alongside Ida, names gravity as the central organizing force of the work.

It is Drucker's most complete pedagogical statement on why the recipe is a recipe — gravity is what gives the sequence a center.13

Ida's own teaching on the pelvis was older and more anatomically specific than Drucker's, but his contribution is to give it a physical reason. The pelvis is not the keystone because Ida says so. It is the keystone because, as the largest mass through which the gravity vector must pass on its way down the body, its position determines whether that vector supports or destroys the structures above. The same fact about gravity that Drucker had spent his early career instrumenting on missiles — that gravity is a directional field that interacts with mass — is the fact that makes the pelvis the operative structure in the recipe.

The Drucker-Hauser line on resonance and energy flow

A second physicist in Ida's circle, working in parallel with Drucker, was developing a complementary model in which the body was treated as an ensemble of coupled oscillators. The 1974 Healing Arts conference featured this work alongside Drucker's, and the two arguments fit together. Where Drucker's framing addressed entropy and coherence at the level of the whole organism, the oscillator framing addressed why the body's segments need to be brought into specific phase relationships with each other to allow energy to flow between them. The two arguments share the same underlying instinct — that what the work accomplishes can be stated in the vocabulary of physics.

"As a simplifying approximation, let us first consider only organs directly involved in locomotoring behavior, that is the bones, muscles and connective tissue. Specifically, we have a mechanical system of joints, articulations, energy sources springs and viscous damping forces Action at a joint is then represented by a lever powered by an energy source driving a spring and dashpot parallel. These various module organs would be interconnected by networks of parallel combinations of elastic and damping components. Considering first action of a single joint, we see that the viscous elements greatly outweigh the elastic ones, motion will be impeded and energy wastefully dissipated. The problem is compounded when one realizes that all of the individual energy sources are interrelated through myofascial investments. If we examine a simple act such as walking in the light of this model, it is apparent that for maximal efficiency these various energy sources must operate in precise, synchronous, often reciprocal patterns. If the interconnecting networks are overly viscous, then no one joint can be moved without dissipating energy throughout the entire system. If by some process the viscous elements could be changed into more elastic ones, what would the model predict? Clearly, an increased capacity for energy flow between joints is to be expected. Know that this itself will affect an overall change toward more rhythmic efficient energy flow is not true. If the individual elements are still unbalanced with respect to each other, then the increased capacity for energy transfer may be of little use or may even give the appearance of less synchronicity. This is so because all of the modules have their own intrinsic frequencies of oscillation. And if they are in wrong phase relationships with each other, their energies may tend to collide or interfere with one another. What then is the resolution of this problem? The various energy sources must then be modified so as to bring the system as a whole as near to a resonance condition as possible."

A colleague of Drucker's working in the same conceptual register lays out the body as a network of coupled oscillators.

It documents the parallel physicist framework that complemented Drucker's entropy argument — energy flow through a system of viscous and elastic elements.14

The two physicists' models converged on a single picture. Drucker described the body as a thermodynamic system whose entropy could be lowered by reorganizing its parts into alignment with a no-entropy gravitational field. His colleague described the body as a mechanical system whose energy throughput could be increased by reducing viscous losses and bringing oscillating modules into resonance. Both arguments said the same thing in different vocabularies: the body's available energy is mostly a function of its internal coherence, and Structural Integration works because it raises that coherence.

"I believe that there is just such a precise objective integration integrating notion that can aptly applied to this problem. It is the concept of energy. In physics, long before the molecular statistical mechanical explanation, the gross properties of matter were described by the laws of thermodynamics. It is one of the most striking testimonies to a parsimony in nature that two simple mathematical formulations were able to describe most of the properties of matter and provide a framework with which to understand these phenomenon on a molecular level. These laws, the first and second of thermodynamics, describe change or flow and ordering of energy respectively. Are these not the very same concepts that one intuitively invokes to describe the process of structural integration? Mainly that the person's structure has become more ordered and that he is more alive, that his energy is more flowing and that he somehow has more of it. The question now is, can these intuitive perceptions be grounded in a mathematical formulation will not only describe this process but point toward a unified understanding of the underlying biophysical changes?"

Drucker's colleague proposes that the laws of thermodynamics are the right framework for describing what the work does.

It is the most explicit statement that thermodynamics — the framework Drucker imported — is the proper conceptual home for Structural Integration's effects.15

The body running down, the body building up

Ida had a phrase she repeated throughout the 1974 lectures that captured the doctrine in its most accessible form. The energy of the universe, the nineteenth-century physicists had argued, was running down. The newspapers of her childhood had carried regular articles explaining that the world was becoming a dark dense desert. But living systems, she observed, appeared to do the opposite. They built up. They organized. Drucker's gravity-and-entropy framework gave her a way to say why this was not a contradiction. Gravity, the energy that does not decrease, was available to organize the body — if the body was arranged to receive it.

"The first balance of the body is a static stacking, but as the body incorporates more changes, the balance ceases to be a static balance. It becomes a dynamic balance. These are the physical manifestations of the increasing balance, but there is an outgoing psychological change as well toward balance, toward serenity, toward a more whole person. The whole man, the whole person evidences a more apparent, a more potent psychic development. This means that the rate that the ratio man energy to gravity energy energy has changed has increased. The ratio has therefore increased the force available to reverse the entropic deterioration. That is and greater. Our world is no longer running down. It seems capable now of building up."

Ida states the inversion at the heart of the work — that the body, properly aligned, reverses entropic deterioration.

It is the doctrine in its most compressed form: man-to-gravity ratio increases as the body organizes, and entropic deterioration reverses.16

The Drucker framework, then, did two distinct kinds of work for Ida's teaching. First, it gave her a defensible answer to the scientist who walked into her room and demanded to know how the work could possibly do what she claimed. The answer was that gravity has no entropy, and alignment is the condition under which the body can be acted on by that energy. Second, it gave her a way to teach her advanced students why the recipe was organized as it was — why each hour built on the last, why the pelvis was the keystone, why pressure mattered as a physical quantity. The advanced classes from 1973 through 1976 are saturated with this vocabulary in a way the earlier teaching was not.

Newton in the classroom

By the 1976 Boulder advanced class, Ida was teaching the gravity-and-entropy material as settled doctrine. The physicist vocabulary had been absorbed into her own classroom language. She was now telling her advanced students that the body is a Newtonian object — a finite aggregate of particles obeying the common-garden mechanics of masses in a gravitational field — and that the practitioner's job is to understand those mechanics well enough to redistribute the masses around the vertical.

"But they are very great. So their greatness puts them into the Newtonian part of the spectrum. And they are not rushing around at that fantastic speed which you find in subatomic physics where the electron rushes around the central part of the atom, which makes the energy of the atom. So that in considering this, you have to recognize that you're in the common garden variety of experience which Newton described in his book. So you go back and you look at Newton's mechanics with respect to bodies, and you find that those bodies obey Newtonian laws of physics. The Newtonian laws that describe the behavior of masses. And it's that simple. All masses behave, obey to some extent the laws of mechanics. It isn't until you begin to get down to individual particles, very small particles, or on the other hand, very large mass less phenomenons But these mechanics give out on. But you people are just common garden variety of weeds. So you go in and get yourself into a Newtonian consideration. And the Newtonian consideration tells you that gravity is pulling straight up and down, that if your body is random it's not going to pull evenly. It's going to pull randomly and you are going to have all kinds of trouble Because the pulls are not even, they are not balanced. So your job is to try to distribute these masses so that they are evenly distributed around relatively evenly distributed around the body. At a place which is critical is the feet or part of the legs because you've got to have support for the heavier mass of those. It's that simple. And the place which is even more critical than the feet as such is the ankle and the way those joints fit in one to another. Now go back and look at what used to be taught in medical school and in all other schools. The story was you know, we were made to be four footed animals and if we'd just been content to stay as four footed animals all would be well with our world. It is gravity that breaks us down. Is it gravity or is it our stupidity in not getting our masses into a balanced pattern. Nobody thought of that."

In the 1976 Boulder advanced class, Ida names the Newtonian framework as the operating physics of the work.

It documents the late form of the doctrine — the body as a Newtonian mass system, the practitioner's task as redistributing those masses around the gravity vector.17

What is striking about the 1976 formulation is how naturally it incorporates the physicist circle's contributions. Ida is not citing Drucker. She is teaching from a vocabulary that had become hers. The distinction between Newtonian masses and subatomic particles, the appeal to the laws of mechanics as a discipline, the reframing of malalignment as a problem of mass distribution rather than postural defect — all of this is the residue of the conversations she had been having with her physicists for five years. The advanced class is hearing, in 1976, what the 1974 lectures had assembled.

"I think it is an energy field. It's Alright. It's alright. What I'm gonna say is not exactly what it is, but it's for all practical purposes. Alright. I had no business in the beginning. It's a energy field that acts with a constant force vertical to the plane of the earth. And so that when we move through space and we're not vertical, or we are vertical, then gravity actually helps us move through space if we are in line with this field? Gravity acts supportively Gravity acts if it is able to do so. And our job, as I have told you at least six times in this class, is to get it get our bodies so that they are they can be supported by gravity. And then you can go on to tell the other guy what he has been told by his teachers all down through his academic career. That gravity breaks down a body, but here you diverge from the teacher if the body is random, if the body does not relate to the vertical. Now do you all hear what I have said? I've given you three all of us have given you three or four or five sentences with which you can carry conviction to any man, or you can begin to carry conviction."

In a 1975 Boulder advanced class, Ida corrects a student on how to describe gravity to a prospective client.

It captures the moment Ida coaches her students in the precise physicist vocabulary — gravity as a directional energy field with a constant force vertical to the plane of the earth.18

Randomness, order, and the second law in the room

One of the cleanest pedagogical statements of the entropy argument in the public-tape archive comes from a discussion in which Drucker himself walks a room through the concept of randomness using the second law of thermodynamics directly. The passage is valuable because it shows Drucker doing for a working-class room what he had done at the Healing Arts conference for a more academic one — explaining why the body tends toward randomness over time, and why introducing energy in a patterned way is the only thing that can reverse the drift.

"And the since my background relates to this, and there's been some discussion here of entropy for those who may just bring in that concept a minute. There is an there's an observed tendency in nature for with time for processes to become random in a sense unless there is an introduction of pattern energy. For instance, take a take a room like this. And if you just let things go on in here and some kind of take a put put into this room 10 people who don't have a common purpose and who just kind of do their thing and whatever they do it. Eventually, this room with its with the chair sitting around here and the the fruit in the in the basket and whatnot will become messy, chaotic, random random in a sense away from the the degree of order that we can see in this room. K? And the only way to return it to this ordered state after it's become random random in a sense that we can't predict what it will be. So we have to introduce energy into it. We have to clean it up. But more than that, we have to clean it up in a pattern where we have some pre thought as to the direction we're gonna go. Recall it. I wanna see if you can get the price. Go ahead. For the constant the concept of of randomness is embodied in the second law of thermodynamics. That's that parameter that measures the degree of randomness is called entropy. And there's a statement that entropy is constantly increasing. Entropy in the sense"

Drucker explains randomness and entropy in a public-tape working session.

It is Drucker teaching the second law directly to a working room — the body drifts toward randomness, and only patterned energy can reverse it.19

The passage matters because it shows Drucker doing two things at once. He is explaining the second law as physics — entropy is the measure, randomness is the tendency, time is the direction. He is also explaining why the practitioner's intervention is not arbitrary. The hand cannot simply add energy in any direction; it has to add energy according to a pattern, because random additions of energy do not lower entropy. They raise it. The recipe — the ten-session sequence — is the pattern. The practitioner is the means by which the pattern is delivered to the tissue.

What Drucker did not finish

It is worth recording, in fairness to the historical material, what the Drucker framework did not resolve. Ida herself, when pressed in the 1974 Structure Lectures interview about how entropy fitted into her conception of the work, answered that the framing was brand new to her in those exact terms and she needed time to think. The vocabulary was being adopted in real time. By the time of the 1976 Boulder advanced class, she was teaching it confidently, but the earlier transcripts show it being absorbed rather than originated. Drucker, Hunt, and the broader physicist circle were the source of the precise thermodynamic language; Ida's contribution was the clinical evidence and the structural recipe that the language was being applied to.

"And even though you did not mention it in your remarks then, I thought for the moment that we're speaking of your work as a chemist, that you might suggest how the law of entropy fits into your conception that later developed into Rolfing. I'm sorry, this is brand new idea to me and I'm afraid I'm going to have to take some time to think about it. Ask me a couple In more that the disordered structure tends to create greater entropy less Yes, the no question about that. There's no question about that. But that hardly needs physics. That needs just common sense to see that. Seems to me."

The 1974 Structure Lectures interviewer asks about entropy and Ida acknowledges the framing as new.

It documents the moment of intellectual handoff — Ida adopting the entropy vocabulary from her physicist circle rather than originating it.20

Other questions the framework raised were left open. The relationship between gravitational energy and what Hunt called the second form of human energy — the energy whose principal characteristic was its failure to observe the law of inverse squares — was acknowledged as unresolved. Drucker's spring-and-bond model handled the linear-range case well but became metaphorical when extended to mental and emotional events. The claim that lowering the body's myofascial entropy produced parallel ordering in the personality was stated as a parallel observation, not a derived consequence. The framework was a scaffold that organized many observations; it was not a closed theory.

See also: See also: Valerie Hunt's full presentation of the neuromuscular findings before and after Structural Integration, including the discussion of downward shift in the locus of motor control and the appearance of more sequential rather than co-contractile muscle patterns; relevant as Hunt's experimental work was the laboratory companion to Drucker's theoretical framing. CFHA_03 ▸

See also: See also: Ida's 1971-72 IPR convocation remarks describing the broader scientific circle of practitioners — including the application of Buckminster Fuller's tensegrity ideas to the body — within which Drucker's thermodynamic framing developed. IPRCON1 ▸

Coda: gravity as the therapist

The phrase Ida repeated more often than any other in the late lectures — gravity is the therapist — is best understood as the slogan version of the Drucker doctrine. The full argument is too long for a sentence: that gravity is the energy with no entropy, that an aligned body receives this energy as support rather than destruction, that the practitioner's pressure is the work that brings the body into the alignment, that the resulting lowering of entropy in the myofascial system appears as parallel ordering in the personality. But the slogan compresses it accurately. The practitioner does not heal. The practitioner arranges. The work is done by the field.

"Rolfing in the sense of this deep changing of the patterns of the fundamental structure of the body to conform with gravity. I have written, as I think probably all of you know, gravity is the therapist, and this is true and I make no claim to be a therapist, but I do make a claim that says that Rothschild changes the basic web of the body so that that therapist's gravity can really get in there."

Ida states the slogan version of the Drucker doctrine.

It is the compressed form in which the gravity-and-entropy argument circulated in Ida's late teaching.21

What Al Drucker contributed to the Ida Rolf archive, taken across the 1971-76 material, was not a doctrine of his own but a vocabulary precise enough to hold Ida's. He read the second law and noticed that gravity was its exception. He applied that exception to the human body in the gravitational field. He gave Hunt's laboratory measurements a conceptual home and gave Ida's advanced students a way to think about what their hands were doing. The framework he helped build does not answer every question the work raises. But for the period of Ida's late teaching, it was the language in which the work was explained, defended, and taught — and that language was substantially Drucker's.

Sources & Audio

Each source row expands to show how the chapter relates to the topic.

1 Opening and Framing the Talk 1971-72 · Mystery Tapes — CD3at 0:00

Al Drucker opens his Boulder lecture by mentioning his earlier work mapping the fine structure of Earth's gravitational field aboard the first Atlas and Titan missiles, then immediately pivots to talk about entropy and the human body. He proposes that the body — including mind and emotions, not just the physical tissue — behaves like a spring when it is in balance: an impressed force produces a temporary distortion, the force is removed, and the spring returns to zero with no permanent record. Memory, he argues, is the residue of incomplete experience. If an event finishes, no trace is left in the system. This image of the resilient body as a spring with finite linear range is the conceptual ground he will then build the entropy and gravity argument on top of, and it is one of the clearest statements of how a physicist in Ida's circle pictured the work.

2 Entropy and Gravitational Energy 1974 · Healing Arts — Rolf Adv 1974at 14:18

Ida, in her 1974 Healing Arts lecture in Los Angeles, walks her audience through the nineteenth-century thermodynamic picture of energy running down: every form of energy carries an associated quality of disorder called entropy, and the second law says entropy always increases. She then lands the exception. Gravitational energy, she tells the room, has no entropy, no disorder, no randomness. Gravity always works in the same direction, never against itself, never upward. It is the only energy in the universe that does not degrade. This claim — Drucker's claim, which Ida is delivering — is the conceptual hinge of the entire afternoon's program. Everything that follows about Structural Integration counteracting entropy in the human body depends on first accepting that gravity is the one energy that itself has none to give.

3 Life, Consciousness, and the Dyad 1974 · Healing Arts — Rolf Adv 1974at 26:42

In the same 1974 Healing Arts lecture, Ida names the system practitioners are actually working on as a dyad — gravitational energy and the energy of the conscious human. Gravity, she says, is a constant, so vast that humans cannot really perceive it. The only term in the equation that can vary is the human. If you want to increase the energy available to an individual, or to decrease their deterioration, gravitational energy is the system you have to explore. This is Drucker's mathematical instinct showing through Ida's voice. Rather than treating Structural Integration as a soft therapeutic enterprise, it positions the work as the systematic exploration of how one specific physical system — the human in the gravitational field — can be altered toward greater coherence.

4 Body as Spring and Entropy 1971-72 · Mystery Tapes — CD3at 5:23

Drucker, continuing his Boulder lecture, describes what makes the body spring-like at the molecular level. Collagen, the dominant protein of connective tissue, is a supercoiled triple helix held together by hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, and various other bonds. Some of those bonds can release under an impressed force and then reform when the force is removed — that is the source of the body's elasticity. Other bonds are linear and chemical, but every linear system has a limit. When a shock exceeds the linear range, or when a small force is held off the neutral point for a very long time — like the continuous forward holding of the head when we read — the system records the event. This passage explains in physical-chemical terms why the body is a plastic medium and why pressure applied skillfully by a practitioner can change the bond structure of the tissue.

5 The Body as Plastic Medium 1974 · Healing Arts — Rolf Adv 1974at 43:57

At the 1974 Healing Arts conference, immediately after laying out the gravity-and-entropy argument, Ida turns to the question of why the body's segments can be repositioned at all. The answer is collagen. The collagen molecule is a large protein formed by a special braiding of three strands, and the strands are connected by inorganic linkages — hydrogen sometimes, sodium sometimes, calcium sometimes. These minerals are interchangeable within limits. As bodies age and stiffen, the percentage of calcium in those bonds probably rises and the percentage of sodium falls. But energy added through pressure — the fingers or the elbow of the practitioner — can shift the ratio, making the connective tissue more resilient and more flexible again. This is Ida speaking the physical chemistry that Drucker's framing made available to her students.

6 Defining Rolfing Structural Integration 1974 · Healing Arts — Rolf Adv 1974at 38:06

Ida, at the 1974 Healing Arts conference, states the practical claim that the gravity-and-entropy framework was built to defend. Order, she says, can be evoked in the myofascial body of a person by substantially balancing the structures of that body around a vertical line. Logically, in body mechanics, one would then expect the vertical lines of gravitational force to either support and reinforce that body or, if the body is random, to pass through and disorganize it. This is the doctrine she had been teaching for two decades, but Drucker's physicist framing now lets her present it as a deduction rather than an intuition. The energy fields of the body must be substantially balanced around the vertical for gravity to act supportively. Verticality is no longer a postural ideal; it is the condition under which a no-entropy energy can flow through the system.

7 Interview: Early Life and Chemistry Career 1974 · Structure Lectures — Rolf Adv 1974at 34:26

During the 1974 Structure Lectures, an interviewer asks Ida about her chemistry background and then about how the law of entropy fits into her conception of the work. Ida initially says she needs time to think — the framing is new to her in those exact terms — but then quickly arrives at a clear formulation. Gravity, she says, is biologically a positive force, accepted as such by living bodies, but only on the condition that the body is in structural alignment. The interviewer pushes; she agrees, and adds that the evidence shows up day by day in the clinical work. The chapter is a useful window into how Drucker's physicist framing was being absorbed into Ida's own teaching vocabulary in real time, in conversation, in 1974.

8 Aura Color Observations During Rolfing 1974 · Healing Arts — Rolf Adv 1974at 2:52

Valerie Hunt, the UCLA electromyographer who was conducting laboratory measurements of people before and after Structural Integration, reports her tentative conclusions at the 1974 Healing Arts conference. She states that the work has a profound effect on human energy systems in the direction of negative entropy. There are at least two aspects, she says: the energy systems are brought into greater coherency, which physicists describe as energy moving in unified directions, like a laser beam. Small quantities of coherent energy, she notes, can equal atomic-bomb energies, while large quantities of incoherent energy are like random trade winds — pleasant but accomplishing little. This passage is where Drucker's physics framework gets endorsed by the experimental scientist in Ida's circle, completing the bridge from physical theory to laboratory measurement.

9 Aura Color Observations During Rolfing 1974 · Healing Arts — Rolf Adv 1974at 0:00

Valerie Hunt, in her closing remarks at the 1974 Healing Arts conference, expands her account of how Structural Integration moves the body toward negative entropy. She invokes the physicists' concept of coherent energy: a laser beam, with very small quantities of energy aligned in one direction, can equal atomic-bomb output, while large quantities of random energy — like trade winds — accomplish very little. The implication for human work, she suggests, is that the goal should not be more energy in the system but more coherent energy. With human coherent energy, she even speculates, we might not need to feed the fuel as often. The passage shows how Drucker's thermodynamic vocabulary had given Hunt's measurements a conceptual home and reframed the work's aim away from vitalist energy-boosting and toward physical coherence.

10 Introductions of Hunt and Rolf 1974 · Healing Arts — Rolf Adv 1974at 2:11

Ida, in the 1974 Healing Arts lecture, makes the inferential move that the Drucker framework had been preparing. She points out that when physical, myofascial, fleshly order is introduced into the random disorder of the average human body — in other words, when the body's entropy is lowered — the same evolving pattern of order shows up in the person's psychological and spiritual life. The disorder that exists in the body's mass begins to disappear, and in parallel a more organized pattern of consciousness and behavior emerges. This is the passage where the entropy framework stops being only a structural argument about tissue and becomes a theory of personality change. It is one of the clearest examples in the archive of how Drucker's physicist vocabulary let Ida unify body and psyche in a single conceptual register.

11 Why Wasn't This Known Earlier 1973 · Big Sur Advanced Class 1973at 0:00

In the 1973 Big Sur advanced class, Ida walks the room through the basic physical claim that underwrites the practitioner's hand. The fascial aggregate, she says, is the organ of structure — and when we use the word structure, we mean relationships of parts in three-dimensional space. There is nothing metaphysical in this; it is pure physics as taught in physics laboratories. The fascial body is resilient, elastic, plastic — it can be changed by adding energy to it. In Structural Integration, the practitioner adds energy through pressure, deliberately contributing energy in the strict physics-laboratory sense to the material under the hand. This is the moment where Drucker's vocabulary becomes operational doctrine in Ida's teaching: the practitioner is not applying treatment, the practitioner is transducing energy into a plastic medium to alter its structure and therefore its function.

12 Conclusions on Entropy and Coherent Energy 1974 · Healing Arts — Rolf Adv 1974at 38:31

Valerie Hunt, in her 1974 Healing Arts lecture, raises the question of what kind of system the practitioner is. Her observations across many cases suggest that there are either two forms of human energy in play — one electrical and intrinsic to the body, one of a different character — or two aspects of one form of energy. The practitioners, she proposes, may be transducers between these two domains. Whether this is created by the training in Structural Integration or whether transducer-like people are drawn to the work, she cannot say. But the relationship between the two people in the room appears to be a major factor in what happens. The passage matters because it carries Drucker's mechanical framing — energy in a strict physics sense — into the relational domain, where energy transfer between two human systems becomes an empirical rather than mystical question.

13 Peeling the Onion various · RolfA1 — Public Tapeat 32:39

Working alongside Ida in a public-tape session, Drucker reflects on what gives the recipe its internal logic. The important thing, he says, is that introducing change at any one place in the body produces compensations elsewhere. So the practitioner needs some central understanding of how the parts are connected — why working on the foot changes the shoulder. Drucker sees gravity as the dominant force creating these compensations. The peeling-the-onion structure of the recipe makes sense only if there is a central goal, and as he sees it, that goal is the freeing of the pelvis — its release from connections above and below that hold it in rigidity, so that it can balance the weighty structures above onto the legs in a rocking-chair movement. Once the pelvis is free in this way, gravity stops pulling the body down and starts supporting it. This is Drucker laying out, from the physicist's side, why the recipe is organized as it is.

14 Energy Flow Paper: Body as Oscillators various · RolfB3 — Public Tapeat 30:43

At the 1974 Healing Arts conference, a physicist colleague working alongside Drucker presents a complementary model of the body. He treats the body as an ensemble of energy-generating organs — bones, muscles, connective tissue — interconnected by networks of elastic and viscous elements. Each joint is a lever powered by an energy source driving a spring and dashpot in parallel. If the viscous elements outweigh the elastic ones, motion is impeded and energy dissipates wastefully. For walking to be efficient, all the energy sources have to operate in precise synchronous patterns. If the connecting networks are too viscous, no joint can move without dissipating energy throughout the entire system. The work of the early sessions, he argues, is to convert viscous tissue into more elastic tissue, increasing the system's capacity for energy flow between joints. But increased capacity alone is not enough — the modules must also be brought into resonance with each other. This is the engineering parallel to Drucker's thermodynamic argument.

15 Quadratus Lumborum and Twelfth Rib various · RolfB3 — Public Tapeat 26:34

In his 1974 Healing Arts conference paper, a physicist colleague of Drucker's argues that the conceptual framework most suited to describing Structural Integration is thermodynamics. Long before the molecular statistical mechanics, he notes, the gross properties of matter were described by two simple laws — the first describing flow of energy, the second describing the ordering of energy. These are precisely the concepts one intuitively invokes to describe what happens during Structural Integration: the person's structure becomes more ordered, the energy flows more freely, the person somehow seems to have more of it. The question, he says, is whether these intuitive perceptions can be grounded in a mathematical formulation. This is the cleanest articulation in the archive of why the Drucker circle reached for thermodynamics: because the language of order and flow was already the right shape for what they were observing in the work.

16 Balancing the Body in Gravity 1974 · Healing Arts — Rolf Adv 1974at 6:42

Ida, in the 1974 Healing Arts lecture, draws the practical conclusion of the entropy framework. As the body incorporates more order through the work, its balance ceases to be a static stacking and becomes dynamic. There are physical manifestations — changes in contour, in movement — but there is also a psychological change toward serenity and wholeness. The ratio of man-energy to gravity-energy increases, which means the force available to reverse entropic deterioration also increases. The world, she says, is no longer running down. It seems capable now of building up. This passage is where the gravity-and-entropy doctrine becomes a working statement of what Structural Integration is for: not symptomatic relief, not posture correction, but a reversal of the slow accumulation of disorder that the second law would otherwise predict.

17 Newtonian Mechanics and the Body 1976 · Rolf Advanced Class 1976at 6:47

In the 1976 Boulder advanced class, Ida tells her students that the human body is not a special case in physics. It is a Newtonian object — a very large but finite collection of particles, whose collective behavior obeys the common-garden mechanics of masses in a gravitational field. The body is not in the subatomic regime where quantum effects dominate, and it is not in the cosmological regime of mass-less phenomena. It is in the middle, where Newton's laws describe the behavior of masses. From this, she derives the practitioner's task: gravity pulls straight down, and if the body's masses are randomly distributed, the pull will be uneven and the body will accumulate distortion. The practitioner's job is to redistribute the masses — particularly at the feet, ankles, and the joints that support the heavier parts above — so that they are evenly arranged around the vertical. This is the late form of the Drucker doctrine, fully internalized into Ida's own classroom voice.

18 Students Resistant to Vertical Concept 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 1:40

In a 1975 Boulder advanced class, Ida is pushing her students to articulate what Structural Integration actually does, and a student is struggling to explain it convincingly. Ida steps in. The missing piece, she says, is gravity. She corrects the student's phrasing and lays out the formulation she wants them all to be able to deliver: gravity is an energy field that acts with a constant force vertical to the plane of the earth, and when the body moves through space in alignment with that vertical, gravity actually helps the body move rather than hindering it. The passage is a clear example of how, by 1975, the physicist vocabulary that Drucker had brought into the circle had become the standard rhetorical equipment Ida expected her advanced students to be able to deploy with prospective clients.

19 Random Bodies and Trauma various · RolfA1 — Public Tapeat 1:30

In a working session captured on a public tape, Drucker walks the room through the concept of randomness in physical systems. There is an observed tendency in nature, he says, for processes to become random over time unless pattern energy is introduced. He uses the room itself as an analogy: leave ten people in a room with no common purpose, and the room drifts toward disorder. The only way to return it to an ordered state is to clean it up — but more than that, to clean it up according to a pre-conceived pattern. The technical name for this, he explains, is the second law of thermodynamics. Entropy — the parameter that measures the degree of randomness — is constantly increasing. The body in the gravitational field is subject to the same law: it accumulates random disorganization over time, and only the deliberate introduction of patterned energy by the practitioner can reverse that drift. This is one of the clearest direct teachings of the entropy argument in Drucker's own voice.

20 Interview: Early Life and Chemistry Career 1974 · Structure Lectures — Rolf Adv 1974at 33:18

In a 1974 interview included in the Structure Lectures series, the interviewer asks Ida how the law of entropy fits into the conception that later developed into Structural Integration. Ida, characteristically honest, says the framing is brand new to her and she needs some time to think — ask her something else. The interviewer presses, suggesting that the disordered structure tends to create greater entropy, and Ida agrees but adds that this hardly needs physics — it is common sense. The passage is a useful historical marker because it shows the entropy vocabulary still being absorbed by Ida in 1974, at exactly the moment her physicist colleagues like Drucker and Hunt were developing it as the conceptual frame for the work. The adoption was real but it was happening in real time.

21 Evolution from Art to Science 1971-72 · Mystery Tapes — CD2at 17:41

In an early-1970s IPR talk, Ida delivers the line that became the slogan of her late teaching. She has written, she reminds the room, that gravity is the therapist. She makes no claim to be a therapist herself. What she does claim is that the work changes the basic web of the body so that gravity — the actual therapist in her formulation — can finally do its supportive work on the structure. The passage is the most distilled form of the Drucker doctrine in Ida's own voice. The whole physicist framework about entropy, coherence, and the energy with no disorder collapses, in her teaching, into this one practical claim: the practitioner's job is to make the body available to gravity. After that, gravity does the work.

Educational archive of Dr. Ida P. Rolf's recorded teaching, 1966–1976. "Rolfing®" / "Rolfer®" are trademarks of the DIRI; independently maintained by Joel Gheiler, not affiliated with the DIRI.