This page presents the recorded teaching of Dr. Ida P. Rolf (1896–1979), founder of Structural Integration, in her own words. "Rolfing®" and "Rolfer®" are registered trademarks of the Dr. Ida Rolf Institute. This archive is independently maintained for educational purposes and is not affiliated with the Dr. Ida Rolf Institute.

Ida Rolf in Her Own Words · Topics

Ida Rolf on Second hour

The second hour is the second half of the first. In Ida's late teaching she insisted that the recipe is not ten discrete interventions but one continuous arc broken into ten sessions because the body cannot absorb the whole change at once — and the second hour is the most explicit demonstration of that principle. Where the first hour worked the upper trunk to free the pelvis from above, the second hour goes to the lower extremities to put support under the pelvis from below. The same goal, approached from the opposite pole. This article gathers her statements about the second hour from her 1973 Big Sur advanced class, the 1974 Aug 11 IPR lecture, the 1974 Open Universe and Healing Arts series, the 1975 Boulder and Santa Monica advanced classes, and the 1976 Boulder advanced class, alongside the voices of her senior practitioners — Steve Weatherwax, John, Tom, Jan, and others — who articulated the doctrine back to her in those classrooms.

The second hour as continuation

Across the 1975 Boulder transcripts Ida pressed her senior practitioners to abandon a discrete-hour conception of the recipe. The hours are not ten separate jobs; they are one job that the body cannot absorb in one sitting. When a student named Norman, in the 1975 Santa Monica class, offered that the fifth hour was "the second half of the fourth hour," Ida accepted the formulation and extended it backward through the entire sequence. The first hour begins the tenth. The second continues the first. The third continues the second and the first. Each session is a step along a single spectrum, not a station on a list. This was a clarification she returned to repeatedly in her last years of teaching, and the second hour was the cleanest example of it — the place where the continuation principle was most obviously true.

"The second hour is a follow-up of the first hour. Uh-huh. It's just the second half of the first hour."

Ida, in dialogue with a senior practitioner in the 1975 Boulder advanced class:

The most compressed statement of the continuation doctrine — the second hour as literally the second half of the first.1

The practical consequence of this is that the practitioner cannot judge a second hour by what was done in the second hour alone. The second hour is doing work the first hour set up but did not have time to complete — and the work it does is itself the setup for the third. A second hour disconnected from the first is not a second hour; it is some other thing the practitioner is doing. The senior practitioner in the 1975 conversation above, a man named Dick whose remark Ida endorsed, put it this way: the only reason the work was broken into ten was that the body could not take it all in one sitting. The recipe, in this view, is a pacing device, not a taxonomy.

"I clearly I clearly saw, you know, last summer that continuation process and how and, you know, Dick talked about how, you know, the only reason it was broken into 10, you know, sessions like that was it because the body just couldn't take all that work. Couldn't take it right. But I just sitting on just trying to figure out how the hell she ever figured out that process, and then began to see it. What she did is what most of of us need to do more. She just sat and watched bodies. And she just kept on doing it. And put unfortunately, she's a little bit more brilliant than the rest of us. She just Ida what Ida did is what she's trying to teach how to do, and that is that you have to stay within your your trade."

A senior student to Ida, the same morning, naming the implication:

The student articulates the continuity insight back to Ida and connects it to her practice of watching bodies until the sequence revealed itself.2

Putting support under the pelvis

If the first hour worked the upper trunk to release the pelvis from above, the second hour reverses the direction of approach. The pelvis still needs to be freed — that goal runs through the whole recipe — but now the freedom comes from establishing what is underneath. The legs are not yet under the pelvis at the start of the second hour; they are jammed up into it, or splayed out from it, or rotating against it. The hour brings them into alignment so that they can carry the trunk rather than hang from it. Ida's framing of this in her RolfB3 public tape is the clearest single statement of what the second hour is structurally trying to do.

"So the second hour becomes a putting of a support on the the pelvis. And it consists also of a lengthening the back in order that that you can balance the trunk up over the pelvis. You see, you're still on the same trail that you were on that first hour. That first hour, you started up on the trunk to get it free to the pelvis. You went down to the legs to get it free to the pelvis. Now you go down to the legs to give it formation. You come up to the pelvis again. You go up to the trunk again."

Ida, in the RolfB3 public tape, defining the structural intent of the second hour:

Ida's most direct framing of the second hour as putting support under the pelvis and lengthening the back to balance the trunk over it.3

Notice what is happening in Ida's description: the practitioner is walking the same path the first hour walked. Up to the trunk, down to the legs, back up. But the second time through, the relation has changed. The first hour got the trunk free of the pelvis and the legs free of the pelvis. The second hour goes back to the legs to give them formation — to organize them under the load they are now being asked to carry. And the practitioner returns to the trunk again, this time to lengthen the back so that the gravitational vector running through the body has no moment of rotation to break it down. This is, in her phrasing, simple-minded — by which she meant clean and uncomplicated, not naive. The complication lies in the tricks of execution, not in the goal.

"In the second hour, you're dealing with the lower extremities to, again, organize begin to organize these structures to fit under the the organized you try on a horizontal?"

Ida, in the RolfB6 public tape, when a student summarized the hour:

The crispest one-sentence statement of what the second hour does to the body in space — organize the lower extremities to fit under the horizontal of the trunk.4

The ankle as fulcrum

Within the second hour, the ankle holds a position Ida treated as structurally decisive. The ankle is where the entire weight of the body above it meets the ground plane. If the ankle is not horizontal — if it cannot accept being a fulcrum — then no amount of work above it will hold. In her 1975 Santa Monica advanced class, when a senior practitioner walked through the second hour for her, she pulled his description toward this point repeatedly: not the moves, but the relation. The ankle is not being treated for its own sake; it is being made into the joint that can register the horizontal of the ground and translate it upward through the legs into the pelvis above. Without that, the second hour has no foundation to put under what the first hour opened.

"When you look at the body, you notice that that the back short Allow that one of the things that you're doing at the ankle which is essentially a fulcrum for all the weight above it relating it to the horizontal plane of the ground is to so organize the ankle that it can accept the changes that you're going to create above it and that you have created."

A senior practitioner, walking the second hour through for Ida in the 1975 Santa Monica class:

The clearest statement of the ankle's structural role in the second hour — fulcrum for all the weight above, the joint that must accept the horizontal of the ground.5

This framing reverses the intuitive ordering. Most practitioners coming into the work want to do the ankle for the ankle's sake — to free the joint, to release the calf, to clean the malleoli. Ida's instruction was to keep the head higher than that. The ankle is being organized so that it can carry change. The change is coming from above, and from the rest of the second hour's work in the legs, and from the first hour that preceded it. The ankle is the joint that must be able to receive all of it without collapsing the horizontal at the ground. In the 1976 Boulder class, a practitioner named Tom drew the same line her way, framing the foot work as establishing a hinge at ninety degrees to the line of walking.

"I think one of the main things we are looking for when you start working on the foot is to establish a proper hinge. Thinking of the hinge being 90 degree to the x, we want to walk. And as Tom said, we work around the ankle in order to free the ankle joint so that the function of the hitch would be ideal."

Tom, in the 1976 Boulder advanced class, on the hinge of the foot:

Names the geometric criterion the second hour is trying to install at the ankle — a clean ninety-degree hinge that lets walking work as walking.6

Lengthening the back

The second half of the second hour returns to the trunk. After the legs have been organized below, the back is now in a different relation to the pelvis than it was at the end of the first hour, and the practitioner can do work on it that was not possible an hour earlier. The work is lengthening — bringing the erector spinae strands toward one another, which paradoxically produces length in the body rather than compression. This was, in Ida's account, one of the early counterintuitive discoveries of the work, and one she had to argue against William Schutz to establish.

"I remember what a time I had with Bill Schutz who insisted on believing that you lengthen a muscle by going along it and lengthen it, but you don't. You must when you lengthen a muscle by going across it, etcetera, etcetera. But those are tricks within this single simple minded notion of what you wanna do with that body in order to get it balanced within the gravitational field."

Ida, on the lengthening problem that the second hour solves, in the RolfB3 public tape:

Ida names the disagreement with Bill Schutz and states the mechanical rule that governs lengthening — across the muscle, not along it.7

The visible test of the lengthening is the relationship of the spiny erectors to one another. In a body that has shortened, the erectors splay apart and the scapulae drift laterally. In a body that is being lengthened, the erectors come together and the body's vertical dimension expands. Ida noted, in the 1975 Boulder transcripts, that this used to strike students as a revelation when they first saw it — the body got longer when the structures were brought together, not pulled apart. The corollary is that the scapulae have to be brought back toward the spine in the same operation. The relation between spine and scapulae is one of the things the second hour begins to establish, because without it the back cannot stay long.

"You all know what I'm talking about. You all know those pictures with those three strands going up. Now in the old, old days, when there weren't as many people who had seen the demonstrations of Rolfing, It used to be quite incredible to people to see that the shortening of the body comes in by virtue of the spreading apart of those spiny erectors and the lengthening of the body can be produced by the tightening together of those spiny erectors. Now everyone in this room, in the course of his second hours, has seen this, but it used to be nothing short of a revelation. You see how when you brought those two strands together, all of a sudden, you had length in the body. And you see this is telling you something else. It is telling you what to do next."

Ida, in the 1975 Boulder advanced class, on the spiny erectors and the scapulae:

The visible mechanism of lengthening in the second hour — erectors brought together produce length, and the scapulae must follow.8

The work on the back during the second hour also reaches into the cervicals, because in Ida's reading of the body the lumbar curve and the cervical curve are paired — what is done in one must be answered in the other if the change is to hold. This is not a separate cervical hour but a balancing move within the second hour, and senior practitioners in the 1975 classes consistently named it as part of the second-hour close. The practitioner does not leave the body without bringing the neck back into relation with what was just done in the back.

Working from periphery toward center

A third principle Ida emphasized in the RolfB3 tape was that the second hour is also the first hour in which the practitioner begins to work consciously from the periphery toward the center. The first hour worked the superficial fascia almost exclusively. In the second hour, when the practitioner reaches the extensors of the back, she or he is at a deeper level than the superficial fascia work of the first hour — and yet still very much on the way in, not at the core. The work is still peripheral relative to where the recipe will go. This framing situates the second hour as the beginning of a controlled descent through the layers of the body, not as a switch from one kind of work to another.

"So now we have been talking about another trick. And the third trick is that when we work, we work from the periphery toward the center. Now when you come right down to it, we've been doing that in the second hour. When you go and you get to those extensor muscles in the back, you are certainly at a deeper level than you were when you were working with that superficial fascia. In the early stages of the game, nobody believes that you're really working with that superficial fascia in the first hour."

Ida, in the RolfB3 public tape, on the periphery-to-center principle:

States that the second hour, by reaching the extensors, is already operating deeper than the superficial fascia work of the first hour — the recipe is a controlled descent.9

But Ida was equally insistent that the second-hour work remains anchored to superficial fascia in a way that students often missed. The change in deeper structures is produced because the superficial fascia has been moved — not in spite of it. In her account, students new to the work do not initially believe that what they are doing in the first hour really is superficial fascia work; they imagine they are reaching something deeper. With experience, they come to see that the superficial fascia is what they are stretching, and that the deeper changes follow from it. The second hour deepens this principle: the practitioner is now operating closer to the extensor layer, but the change still propagates because the more superficial layers have been organized.

"In the early stages of the game, nobody believes that you're really working with that superficial fascia in the first hour. But actually, as you go further along and get more familiar with it, you begin to realize that you are working with that superficial fascia and that you are stretching that superficial fashion. And it is by virtue of the change that you put into the superficial fashion that you begin to get change in underlying structures."

Ida, continuing in the RolfB3 tape:

Names the practitioner's typical learning arc — coming to realize that the superficial fascia is what is actually being worked, and that deeper change follows from it.10

Feeding forward — what the second hour sets up

If the second hour is the continuation of the first, it is also, by the same logic, the setup for the third. In a 1975 Santa Monica conversation about the eleventh hour and beyond, a senior practitioner — the same line of thinking Ida had been pressing — articulated how the second hour's back work prepares the third hour's quadratus work. The latissimus tendon, grabbed at its edge during the second hour, opens what the practitioner is calling the doorway to the quadratus. The third hour, which works the side body and the quadratus lumborum to lift the rib cage off the pelvis, becomes possible because the second hour did this preparatory work in the back.

"There's something else too. Like in thinking from say, first hour through, the work on the back not only lets you organize the back and complete the inhaler, bringing integration to the spine, but also what I'm beginning to see is like how you feed into what's coming up."

A senior practitioner in the 1975 Santa Monica class, on how the second hour feeds into the third:

The clearest articulation of the second hour as preparation — the latissimus work in the back opens the door to the quadratus for the third hour.11

This forward-looking aspect of the second hour is what distinguishes a skilled execution from a mechanical one. A practitioner who works the second hour as a closed unit — lengthen the back, organize the ankle, end — has done the moves but has not done the work the moves are meant to accomplish. A practitioner who works the second hour as an opening for the third has begun to operate at the level Ida was pressing her senior students toward in 1975 and 1976. In the 1975 Boulder transcripts she described the practitioner's task as a single continuous lengthening project running through every hour, with each session attending to one piece of the same standing problem.

"When you've got that done, you begin to be aware of the fact that with that entire new balance that they're getting below the knees, that their back is really holding them up, holding them down, holding them, period, holding. And you better get in there and do some changing. You better get that back lengthened. Because as we said yesterday, the thing that you are doing in every hour of brothing that you do is lengthening that body, thinning it for the most part and lengthening it. And in order to lengthen it, you have got to get greater length in those spiny erectors. Now who in this room doesn't have a picture in his mind of those spiny erectors? Who needs to see it in the anatomy books? You all know what I'm talking about."

Ida, in the 1975 Boulder class, on the through-line of the recipe:

States that lengthening is what every hour is doing, and the second hour's role in that continuous project.12

The body asks for the work

One of Ida's persistent claims about the recipe was that she did not design the sequence in advance — she watched bodies until they told her what came next. In a 1974 conversation in the Structure Lectures, she said it directly: the body talks about it. Run the first hour on ten people and every one of them will come in the next day showing the same problem: the legs are not under them, the feet are not walking properly. The body screams. The second hour exists because that scream is what the body presents at the start of the second session. The practitioner who tries to do something else has not been listening.

"The body talks about it and those people who are in the audience, and I imagine there are a good many of them, a number of them, who have studied in my classes, know what I mean when I say the body talks about it. And if you will start with a program, start with your first hour, which I teach you, lo and behold, by the time they come in in the second hour, every one of those 10 people will show you the same mal symptom. Mhmm. Will show you that their legs are not under them. Will show you that their feet aren't walking properly. The body screams at you. So to stop it screaming, you get down there and you try to do something with it. And if you stop it screaming, then it begins to scream somewhere else and you do that in the third o."

Ida, in a 1974 Structure Lectures conversation, on how the recipe was discovered:

Ida's account of how she found the sequence — the body announces what hour comes next.13

This makes the second hour, in her teaching, the most easily justified hour in the recipe: it is the most direct answer to the most consistent complaint the body presents at the end of the first hour. In the 1975 Santa Monica class Ida pushed students to recognize that the back at the start of the second hour is not the back they finished with at the end of the first. Something has surfaced. The work on the front of the body during the first hour has made the back available in a way it was not before. The practitioner goes there because the body has made that part of itself available — not because the recipe demands it on a fixed schedule.

"So even if you start to work on the back before doing this, you're not gonna when you find the back this up, you're gonna change the back. There's just something that nobody has brought out here, and I'm sure you must all have seen it. And that is that it just seems that hour by hour something more surfaces. And surfaces is the right word. And that back in the second hour is not that back in the first hour. There's more available in that back in the second hour. So you go and you work with the more that is available. Does this have reality for you? All of you. Dan, is this getting any clearer for you?"

Ida, in the 1975 Santa Monica class, on what surfaces between the hours:

Names the principle that the body of the second hour is not the body of the first — something has surfaced and become workable.14

The diaphragm-psoas polarity

When Ida was pressing students in the RolfB6 public tape to look at the recipe from a less mechanical vantage point, she introduced a frame that recurs in many of her late descriptions: the body's structural problem reduces, when one looks at it cleanly, to the relation between the diaphragm and the psoas. The first hour goes to the fascia determining diaphragmatic posturing and to the psoas, even if the practitioner is not thinking about either by name. The second hour, by lengthening the back and organizing the legs under the pelvis, changes the conditions under which the psoas operates. The pelvic lift that closes the second hour, like the pelvic lift that closes every hour, relates the psoas to the diaphragm through the lumbar spine and the sacrum.

"The sixth hour, again, is dealing with the pelvis and is dealing with freeing the rotators and horizontalizing the pelvis and working more specifically on the or the relationship of the sacrum to the pelvis in its horizontalization. All of this is true, but now let's take another look at it. And realize that in the first hour, you have gone to the diaphragm, not specifically, but to the fascia that is determining diaphragmatic posturing. And you've organized it, and you've gone to the psoas. See, always you have this polarity going on between the diaphragm and the psoas, that's what keeps the body upright. That's what keeps a trunk organized, this relation between the diaphragm and the psoas. And when you come right down to it, that pelvic lift, every time you come to it, is relating the psoas to the diaphragm. Through the limbus, through the sacrum, etcetera, etcetera. But one of the things I'm trying to emphasize here is a relative simplicity when you come right down to it as to what goes structurally wrong with the body. If you can organize, so I said, hi, Fran. You have made."

Ida, in the RolfB6 public tape, on the polarity that runs through every hour:

Names the diaphragm–psoas polarity as the structural axis the second hour is participating in, even when not addressed by name.15

Read in this frame, the second hour's work on the lower extremities is not just a leg session. It is a session that changes how the psoas can operate, because the psoas can only do its work when the legs underneath it are organized. Senior practitioners who had been with Ida for years tended to articulate the recipe in these polarity terms when she pressed them — the second hour is a leg hour at the level of execution, but at the level of intent it is a hour about giving the psoas legs to attach to.

Integration at the close

Every hour in Ida's recipe closes with an integrating move — most often a pelvic lift, sometimes accompanied by neck work or another balancing operation. The function of the close is not merely to finish the hour; it is to ensure that the body does not leave the session more disorganized than it arrived. The second hour is particularly demanding in this regard because the work has reorganized so much of the lower body that the pelvis and the sacrum may have shifted relative to where the first hour placed them. The practitioner who skips the close has done a great deal of work that the body cannot hold.

"Because you remember that we call this thing structural integration, and we pride ourselves on the fact that we do not send them out that door with a basic area disorganized, nonintegrated. With every individual that gets and goes out that door, what you are doing or, in theory, what you are doing is looking at them to see that their contour and their movement says that they have at that moment the best integration of function that is possible for the structure that you know they have at that moment. Now if that sacrum is turned back with the apex the base forward and the apex back, if it has slipped off the place where you put it in the first hour, then it could very well because you've been doing a big reorganizing job of the legs and of the back. Then you see that body is not integrated, and it's your job to integrate. If the guy is coming in the day after tomorrow, well, it's not that urgent. Let him do it anyhow so he won't forget."

Ida, in the RolfB2 public tape, on why the integrating close is non-negotiable:

Names the integrating move at the end of every hour as the reason the work is called structural integration in the first place — and the practical and moral stakes if it is skipped.16

In the 1976 Boulder transcripts a senior student named Jen and several of her classmates pressed Ida on the indices of a good second hour: how does the practitioner know the work has landed? The marks are visible. The feet are flatter to the ground. The external malleolus is no longer dragging in the dust. The knees are talking — meaning, they are now in a relation to the legs above and the feet below that they were not in before. The back has movement in it. The chest may still be locked; the second hour does not address the chest. But the lower half of the body has been reorganized, and the closing pelvic lift has confirmed that the new lower-body organization is in the right relation to the trunk.

"And in all these earlier hours, what you are seeing is the need for a generalized length. And in the third hour, you're still working with that length. And you're still working with the lengthening of the side, and now you are beginning to go in to get the rigid holdings, you see, at a deeper level through through the. So here at the end of the second hour, you again you have a milestone that says, yes. This guy has had his second hour. And on that milestone, it talks about the feet. It talks about the extent to which the ankles have been horizontal. It talks about the extent to which the external malleolus is no longer dragging in the dust. It talks about where are the knees. Do you remember all of you? The look of Malcolm as he came in here with respect to his legs and his knees. What a perfectly ghastly walk. He wondered how he could support the his his trunk on those cockeyed legs, but god knows the world is full of them. And by the end of the second hour, those legs were talking to you and saying to you, well, we are seeing a light."

Ida, in the RolfB6 tape, on the milestone marks of a finished second hour:

The concrete visible criteria for a finished second hour — feet, ankles, knees, back movement, and the absence of chest change.17

Why we begin on the chest at all

In a 1975 Boulder evening conversation, a senior practitioner named Ken offered an answer to a question that had been bothering him: why does the recipe start on the chest? Why does the first hour work the upper trunk rather than the legs, given that the legs are what the second hour will need to address? His answer, which Ida did not contradict, was that the first hour is also a teaching moment. Working on the chest and the pelvis is what delivers the most experience of the work to the new client. The breathing changes, the pelvis begins to move, the person learns in their cells what the practitioner is doing. The second hour can then go to the legs because the body now knows what the work is asking of it.

"And so I started thinking about the logic of the sequence and how it evolved, you know, and trying to back myself up to Ida's perspective, you know, and see what she saw. You know, why did the recipe evolve this way? And I think one of the things is that by working and this is a level of abstraction above the physical body, but I think it's relevant that by working on the chest and the pelvis, you deliver the most experience of what we're trying to do. So that when someone gets a first hour, you're establishing in their cells what it is that Rolfing's about. You know, before you put their hands on them, they've only got ideas, abstractions. And in the first hour you're giving them an experiential look at what goes on. And you get the most done for the least amount of doing by freeing the breathing and the pelvis. You know, so there's a lot of impact in that first session. You know, you've taught them at a level that they can understand what Rolfing is, and that says more than all your word. And thinking back of this, I feel like turning the machines."

Ken, in the 1975 Boulder class, on why the sequence begins where it does:

Names the pedagogical reason the recipe begins on the chest rather than on the legs — and by implication, why the second hour can go where it does.18

This framing matters because it positions the second hour as the first hour in which the practitioner is no longer primarily teaching the client what the work is. The teaching has happened. The body knows. Now the practitioner can address parts of the body that, addressed first, would have been too disorienting — the feet, the lower legs, the ankles. The second hour is where the work begins to do its real structural job rather than its introductory job.

Static to dynamic

In her August 11, 1974 IPR lecture, Ida pressed her advanced students toward a vocabulary they had not been using when they began the class. She was asking them to distinguish between static verticality — the body lined up like the prickles on a chestnut burr, every block stacked on the block below — and dynamic verticality, the body that moves through space without losing its alignment. The recipe builds the first kind in its early hours and then converts it into the second kind in its later ones. The second hour is squarely in the static-building stage. Its work on the lower body is what makes the static stack possible at all, because a body whose legs are not under it cannot achieve even static verticality.

"If you notice what you see is the static improvement of the whole body below the waistline. But that is the road, that is the sort of bridge by which you bridge into the dynamic. Once again, it's the legs you see. But you somehow or another have to get this intuitive feeling for the change from static to dynamic. Now you get the beginning of that when you get that tenth hour balance, you know, where you take the head and you feel the relation that there is between the intrinsics of the spine and the extrinsics of the sleeve. But the person is not sufficiently experienced, shall I say, at that time to be able to get ahold of intrinsic musculature and hang onto it, use it, demand from it."

Ida, in her August 11, 1974 IPR lecture, on the static-to-dynamic conversion:

Locates the second hour in the static-building stage of the recipe and names the conversion to dynamic that the later hours produce.19

The implication for the second hour is direct: the practitioner should not be looking, at the end of the second hour, for a body that moves beautifully. The body will not yet move beautifully. The practitioner should be looking for a body whose lower half is now stacked in a way that, three or four hours later, will let movement begin to organize itself around the new structural relation. The second hour produces the conditions for later dynamic, not the dynamic itself.

The recipe as living tradition

Throughout the 1975 and 1976 advanced classes Ida resisted the impression that the recipe was a frozen artifact. In a Boulder conversation Jen — a senior practitioner who had been with Ida across several teaching cycles — described seeing the recipe as if stroboscopically, slightly different each time she encountered it. The fourth hour worked the inside of the thigh in one configuration one year, a different way the next, a third way the year after. But the recipe itself, in Jen's reading, had not changed. The fourth hour still took the practitioner to the leg. The body still demanded what the recipe asked be done there. The forms within each hour were responsive to what the practitioner now saw; the architecture of the recipe was stable. The second hour participates in this same pattern. The forms of the leg work have been refined across the years; the role of the second hour in the arc has not moved.

"Jen, you seem to have something on your mind, and I thought maybe you would like to talk about what you've experienced and maybe not. I have seen the recipe now sort of like stroboscopically over maybe a period of six or seven years. You know, each time that I encounter you and go through a class situation, it's different. You know, the recipe is constantly changing. But from that, I have abstracted Well a sense of of ability. Yeah. It hasn't really changed. You know? Well, what I mean Yeah. Go ahead. Well, I don't want these guys to get off on this tangent. Well, I'm I'm I'm not going on tangent. And that what I see is a continuity within that change, which is sort of reassuring. Know, like there's one year the fascia asks you to go this way or like originally we used to separate on the midline of the thigh this way, and then a year later we were digging in and pulling it up, and the next year we were pushing it toward the midline. But what what I've begun to see from all that is that indeed the fourth hour takes you to the leg, and indeed you have to get a certain amount of work done, but that the body demands what it is that you do."

Jen, in the 1975 Boulder class, on what changes and what does not:

Names the relationship between stable recipe and changing technique — the architecture of the second hour is fixed, the execution moves.20

Ida's response to Jen, captured in the same exchange, was to point out that the changes Jen had observed across the years were not arbitrary variations — they were the result of Ida's own continued watching of bodies. She had not stopped doing in the 1970s what she did in the 1940s and 1950s: watch bodies, see what the body said, modify the work accordingly. The recipe of the second hour in 1975 was the second hour Ida had been refining for thirty years.

The fifth hour as second-hour echo

The continuation principle Ida pressed in the 1975 Santa Monica class did not stop at the second and third hours. When a senior practitioner named Steve Weatherwax was asked to define the fifth hour, he located it as a continuation of the fourth — and through the fourth, of all the hours that came before, including the second. The pelvis that the fifth hour begins to lift anteriorly is the same pelvis the second hour first put support under. The midline that the fifth hour starts to establish would not be reachable without the lateral and back work that began in the second. The recipe is, in this sense, one long continuous answer to the same standing problem, with the second hour as one of the early necessary moves.

"The answer to that question. Alright. Since the first hour we've been trying to horizontalize the pelvis. Yeah. And we've gotten to the place now, we've uplifted the chest, lengthened the back sides, opened up the sides, and we started to establish a midline. And now we see that the front is beginning to need to be lengthened also. How come? From the pull of the thorax and the position of the pelvis. And the pelvis has to come up more anteriorly And by lengthening the rectus, we begin to get that and we begin to get a more total integration between the upper half and lower half."

Steve Weatherwax, in the 1975 Santa Monica advanced class, walking the fifth hour back to the first:

Names how the fifth hour's work depends on what the earlier hours, including the second, established — horizontalizing the pelvis, lengthening the back, opening the sides.21

Ida's response to Steve — captured later in the same recording — was to praise the answer and then complicate it. The fifth hour is also, more deeply, about the floor of the pelvis. But the genealogy Steve traced is exactly the kind of seeing she was demanding of senior practitioners: an ability to look at any hour in the recipe and follow it backward through the chain of hours that prepared it. The second hour's place in that chain is not decorative. Without the back sides lengthened and the lower extremities organized, the fifth hour has no continuous body to work on.

Coda: the second hour as discipline

What emerges, reading Ida's statements on the second hour across the 1973–1976 transcripts, is something less like a procedure and more like a discipline. The hour has a specific structural job — put support under the pelvis, organize the legs, lengthen the back, close with an integrating move that holds the new relation. But the practitioner cannot do the hour well without holding several frames at once: the second hour as continuation of the first, the second hour as setup for the third, the second hour as participation in the diaphragm–psoas polarity, the second hour as static-building toward eventual dynamic, the second hour as listening to what the body has made available since the previous session. Each frame is necessary; none is sufficient.

"Why questions, Herb? Well, see, I'm really the why is my verbal habit. What I'm questioning and what I'm after is to be able to see that connection. Well, have you got it now? There's something else too, which is that the fascia planes that are coming down the leg are all coming in here at the ankle through the foot. And they're still not working here. They're hold everything of the body right up to here. So even if you start to work on the back before doing this, you're not gonna when you find the back this up, you're gonna change the back."

Ida, in the 1975 Santa Monica class, on the surfacing principle that governs second-hour work:

Closes the article with Ida's summary insight — the body of the second hour is not the body of the first, and the practitioner must work with what has surfaced.22

Across the transcripts Ida's voice on the second hour is unusually consistent. The recipe shifted around it; technique evolved year by year; her language about energy fields and plasticity moved in and out of the foreground. But the second hour stayed in place. It is the hour where the first hour's work gets its support. It is the hour where the legs come under the body. It is the hour where the back lengthens enough to let the next hour reach the quadratus. And it is, more than any other hour, the one that proves her claim that the ten sessions are not ten sessions at all — they are one continuous reorganization, broken into ten only because the body cannot take it all at once.

See also: See also: B2T8SA, T11SA — 1975 Santa Monica and Boulder advanced-class sessions in which senior practitioners walked through their own definitions of structural integration and the early hours of the recipe in Ida's presence, including extended discussion of how the second hour prepares the hamstring and pelvic work that the later hours depend on. B2T8SA ▸T11SA ▸

See also: See also: T7SA — 1975 Santa Monica advanced-class session on the fifth hour as the continuation of the fourth, in which Ida and her senior students retrace the chain back through the second hour's contribution to horizontalizing the pelvis. T7SA ▸

See also: See also: RolfB6 public tape (RolfB6Side1a) — companion conversation in which Ida walks through the entire ten-session recipe with senior practitioners, naming the second hour's role in the diaphragm-psoas polarity and the static-stacking sequence. RolfB6Side1a ▸

See also: See also: Healing Arts — Rolf Adv 1974 (CFHA_01, CFHA_03, CFHA_04), Open Universe Class (UNI_043, UNI_044, UNI_083) — companion lectures on energy fields, neuromuscular patterning, and the broader theoretical frame in which the second hour's structural work was situated during the 1974 teaching cycle. CFHA_01 ▸CFHA_03 ▸CFHA_04 ▸UNI_043 ▸UNI_044 ▸UNI_083 ▸

See also: See also: Big Sur Advanced Class 1973 (SUR7301, SUR7314, SUR7318), Mystery Tapes CD2 (IPRCON1, PSYTOD1), Structure Lectures 1974 (STRUC1, STRUC2), RolfB1 public tape, RolfB2 public tape — additional teaching contexts in which Ida discussed the relationship of trunk and legs and the architecture of the recipe across years. SUR7301 ▸SUR7314 ▸SUR7318 ▸IPRCON1 ▸PSYTOD1 ▸STRUC1 ▸STRUC2 ▸RolfB1Side1 ▸RolfB2Side1 ▸RolfB2Side2 ▸

Sources & Audio

Each source row expands to show how the chapter relates to the topic.

1 Three Primary Manifestations of Disease 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 0:22

From the 1975 Boulder advanced class. Ida states the recipe's continuation principle in its tightest form: the first hour begins the tenth, the second hour is just the second half of the first, the third is the second half of the second and first. The recipe is one process broken into ten sessions only because the body cannot absorb that much work at once.

2 Three Primary Manifestations of Disease 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 0:38

A senior practitioner in the 1975 Boulder class describes seeing the continuation process across the recipe and credits Ida with having discovered it through years of watching bodies. The ten-session form, in this account, was not designed in advance — it was found by observation, because the body itself could not take all the work at once.

3 Second Hour Review and Structure various · RolfB3 — Public Tapeat 0:26

From the RolfB3 public tape. Ida defines the second hour as a putting of support on the pelvis and a lengthening of the back so that the trunk can balance over the pelvis. The first hour worked down to free the legs to the pelvis; the second works down to give them formation. The repeated movement between trunk and legs is the practitioner walking the same path twice, each time at a deeper level.

4 Habit as Internal Structure various · RolfB6 — Public Tapeat 11:59

From the RolfB6 public tape. Ida tells a student that in the second hour the practitioner is dealing with the lower extremities to begin to organize these structures to fit under the organized trunk on a horizontal. The hour's job is to bring the legs into right relation to the horizontal ground plane so they can support what was opened in the first hour.

5 Second Hour and the Ankle 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 4:46

A senior practitioner in the 1975 Santa Monica class describes the second hour as establishing support underneath the work done above. The ankle is essentially a fulcrum for all the weight above it, relating it to the horizontal plane of the ground; the practitioner organizes the ankle so that it can accept the changes that will be created above it.

6 Ankle Hinge and Knee Connection 1976 · Rolf Advanced Class 1976at 4:20

Tom in the 1976 Boulder advanced class describes the second hour's work on the foot as establishing a proper hinge at ninety degrees to the line of walking. Work around the ankle frees the joint so the function of the hinge becomes ideal even when the bony structure is not yet ideal.

7 Second Hour Review and Structure various · RolfB3 — Public Tapeat 1:40

From the RolfB3 public tape. Ida recounts arguing with Bill Schutz, who insisted that one lengthens a muscle by working along it. Her position, established by then, was that lengthening comes from working across the muscle. This is the mechanical principle that governs how the back is lengthened in the second hour.

8 Lengthening Back and Scapulae 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 31:19

Ida in the 1975 Boulder class describes how lengthening the back comes from bringing the spiny erectors together rather than spreading them apart. In the early days of the work this struck students as a revelation. The scapulae must also be brought in toward the spine, because as the body has shortened the scapulae have drifted apart, and that shortening is held in place by the splayed shoulder girdle.

9 Third Hour: Working from Periphery to Center various · RolfB3 — Public Tapeat 2:44

From the RolfB3 public tape. Ida tells students that the third trick of the recipe is working from periphery toward center, and that this principle is already operating in the second hour: when the practitioner reaches the extensor muscles in the back, she or he is at a deeper level than the superficial fascia work of the first hour. The recipe is a graded descent in depth.

10 Third Hour: Working from Periphery to Center various · RolfB3 — Public Tapeat 3:36

Ida describes how new practitioners do not initially believe that they are really working with superficial fascia in the first hour. As they go further, they begin to realize that they are working with it and stretching it, and that the change in underlying structures follows from change in the superficial fascia. This is one of the slow recognitions that lets a practitioner understand what the second hour is also doing.

11 Connecting Sessions and Anticipating Next Hours 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 23:08

A senior practitioner in the 1975 Santa Monica class describes how each hour feeds into what is coming up. The back work in the first hour begins integrating the spine; the second hour's work on the latissimus tendon, grabbing its edge, begins to open the doorway to the quadratus that the third hour will work. The recipe is one continuous setup.

12 Educating the Client and Culture 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 29:51

Ida in the 1975 Boulder class tells students that the thing they are doing in every hour of the work is lengthening the body — thinning it and lengthening it. To lengthen it, the practitioner must get greater length in the spiny erectors, which is the second hour's specific contribution to the continuous lengthening project that runs through the whole recipe.

13 Origin Story: The Music Teacher 1974 · Structure Lectures — Rolf Adv 1974at 1:25

In a 1974 Structure Lectures conversation Ida says the recipe was not designed but discovered. Run the first hour on ten people and every one of them shows the same mal-symptom the next day: their legs are not under them, their feet are not walking properly. The body screams, and the practitioner addresses the scream — that is how the second hour was found, and how the third hour was found after it.

14 Lengthening the Back in Second Hour 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 18:56

Ida in the 1975 Santa Monica class tells students that nobody has brought out what they must all have seen: hour by hour something more surfaces. The back at the start of the second hour is not the back at the end of the first; there is more available in it. The practitioner works with what the previous hour has made available.

15 Habit as Internal Structure various · RolfB6 — Public Tapeat 13:17

Ida in the RolfB6 public tape tells students that in the first hour the practitioner has already gone to the fascia determining diaphragmatic posturing and to the psoas. The polarity between diaphragm and psoas is what keeps the trunk organized. Every pelvic lift, including the one that closes the second hour, relates the psoas to the diaphragm through the lumbar and the sacrum.

16 Integration Responsibility Between Sessions various · RolfB2 — Public Tapeat 27:34

From the RolfB2 public tape. Ida tells students that the practitioner does not send a person out the door with a basic area disorganized. With every individual who leaves, the practitioner is looking to see that their contour and movement say they have at that moment the best integration possible for the structure they have. If the sacrum has slipped during the second hour's work on the legs and back, the practitioner integrates it before the body leaves.

17 Diaphragm-Psoas Polarity various · RolfB6 — Public Tapeat 21:02

Ida in the RolfB6 public tape lists the marks of a finished second hour. The hour is a milestone. The feet have changed. The ankles are closer to horizontal. The external malleolus no longer drags. The knees are speaking — they are in a new relation to legs and feet. The back has some movement. The chest still does not move; that is the third hour's job. The lower half of the body has been organized.

18 Three Primary Manifestations of Disease 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 0:42

A senior practitioner named Ken in the 1975 Boulder class tells the room he had been thinking about why the recipe starts on the chest. His answer is that the first hour is also teaching the client what the work is. By working chest and pelvis the practitioner delivers the most experience of what is being done before the client has put words to it. The second hour can then go to the legs because the body already knows what the work asks of it.

19 Vertical Movement and Intrinsic/Extrinsic Levels 1974 · IPR Lecture — Aug 11, 1974at 13:54

Ida in the August 11 1974 IPR lecture tells advanced students that the early hours produce static verticality — the body's blocks stacked one above the next. The dynamic comes later. The first or eleventh hour does not add much dynamic; what one sees is static improvement of the body below the waistline. That static improvement is what the second hour participates in, and it is the bridge by which the practitioner later bridges into the dynamic.

20 Opening Expectations for Advanced Class 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 1:17

Jen, a senior practitioner in the 1975 Boulder class, describes seeing the recipe stroboscopically across years of training with Ida. The techniques inside each hour change; the architecture does not. The fourth hour still leads the practitioner to the leg. By extension, the second hour still leads to the lower extremities and the back. The body demands what the recipe asks; how the practitioner answers that demand can evolve.

21 Opening and Class Logistics 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 1:25

Steve Weatherwax in the 1975 Santa Monica class tells Ida the fifth hour is a continuation of the fourth. He retraces the arc: since the first hour the practitioner has been trying to horizontalize the pelvis, and by now the chest is uplifted, the back sides are lengthened, the sides are opened, and a midline is beginning. The second hour's work on the back sides and lower body is part of what makes the fifth hour possible. Ida endorses the answer.

22 Lengthening the Back in Second Hour 1975 · Rolf Advanced Class 1975 — Boulderat 18:28

Ida in the 1975 Santa Monica class returns to the point that the back of the second hour is not the back of the first hour. Something has surfaced. The practitioner who responds to what is now available, rather than executing a fixed protocol, is doing the second hour as Ida taught it across thirty years of refining the work.

Educational archive of Dr. Ida P. Rolf's recorded teaching, 1966–1976. "Rolfing®" / "Rolfer®" are trademarks of the DIRI; independently maintained by Joel Gheiler, not affiliated with the DIRI.